Vitalik Buterin stated that 'Keyed Nonces' can optimize Ethereum state extensions through dedicated storage types. In privacy transactions, if 2000 TPS is maintained for a long time, approximately 500 billion nullifiers will be generated after 8 years. Due to the inability of nullifiers to prune, the existing state storage will impose significant pressure on nodes. The dedicated storage solution can reduce verification overhead through sharded storage and Bloom Filter optimization, and achieve a balance between scalability and decentralization. Continuing to rely on the existing state may require downloading about 10 TB of data, and the efficiency of privacy user usage will also be limited.
